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Moorings are autonomous long-term monitoring systems installed at key points in the global ocean circulation system, where they continuously gather data. These instruments for marine research make it

However, the vast area and the extreme weather conditions make it difficult to monitor the snow during Arctic winter. In situ measurements of snow depth on sea ice are rare and mostly obtained in spri

The thickness of sea ice determines the heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere as well as the resistance against the deforming forces of wind and ocean currents. Already a thin layer of se

After the sea-ice extent in the Artic reached its winter maximum on 12 March 2019, the melting season in the North Pole region began and soon reached an all-time low for the time of year (23 April 201

While Europe languished under a sweltering heat wave in the summer of 2019, Siberia was struck by massive wildfires, and record-breaking summer temperatures were observed in Germany. But the Arctic, t

During the MOSAiC expedition, researchers from 19 countries will study the Arctic throughout an entire year, spending the winter in a region that is virtually inaccessible in the polar night. Alone th

On 11 September the sea-ice extent (sea-ice concentration > 15 %) was 3.94 million km² (see Figure 1) and on 3 September 2019 it had already decreased to 3.82 million km², the lowest level so far this

The Baltic: In the course of a prolonged frost period, the bodden along Germany’s Baltic coastline froze over. In Bothnian Bay, the northernmost part of the Baltic Sea, the fast ice in the archipelago

The Arctic: Warm air and ocean temperatures delayed the formation of new sea ice, particularly off the northeast coast of Canada. There were substantial temperature fluctuations on Spitsbergen in Dece

The Arctic: In November, there was unusually little sea ice in the Barents Sea, western Kara Sea, Hudson Bay and, to the west of Greenland extending high into the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Atmosphe