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This year, the minimum Arctic sea-ice extent, at 4.33 million km², was most probably reached on 15 September (Figure 1), putting it at 7 th place in the sequence of minima since 1979. The sea ice had

In the polar regions, sea ice follows a distinctly seasonal cycle, and every year roughly 15 million square kilometres of ice are formed and melt in the Antarctic. But this winter, the ice growth has

The Arctic sea ice is currently below the levels seen in 2022 but clearly above the record minimum from 2012. Every September, the Arctic sea-ice extent reaches its annual minimum. On 7 September the

Sea ice that has survived at least one summer melting. The majority of its morphological properties are smoother than those of first-year ice. Old ice can be divided into two-year ice and older, multi

Albedo is used to measure the reflectivity of diffusely reflecting (but not mirrored) surfaces, expressed as the ratio of reflected to incoming shortwave radiation. A surface with an albedo of e.g. 0.

An organism’s short- or long-term adaptation to changing climatic conditions (a changing climate). Acclimatisation can take place in response to changed temperatures, less available oxygen, high atmos

Solid or liquid particles in the air, with a typical size of between 0.01 and 10 μm, which remain in the atmosphere for at least a few hours. Aerosols, which can be naturally occurring or anthropogeni

In oceanography and meteorology, the term “advection” refers to the (primarily) horizontal transport of properties (mass, heat, trace gases, ...) via currents in the water or air (opposite: convection

The term “absorption” generally refers to the absorption of light. When light strikes a surface, the extent to which it is absorbed depends on the material, colour and frequency. When light penetrates

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment .